Ko te wai te huānga matū ngāwari rawa : ko tōna nucleus ko te kotahi proton, ā, kotahi anake te irahiko o tōna ngota. E rua nga ngota hauwai i hangaia ai te rāpoi ngota o te dihydrogen (H2).
Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia te wai hai whakapā atu ki te dihydrogen.

Ko te tahu i te 1 kiro o ngā putanga hauwai e tata ana ki te 4 ngā wā he nui ake te pūngao i te 1 kiro o te korohū, ā, ka puta anake te wai :

2H2 + O2-> 2H2O

He tino nui te wai i runga i te mata o te Ao, engari kāore i te tīari i tōna āhua mā. I nga wā katoa e herea ana ki ētahi atu huānga matū, i roto i nga rāpoi ngota pēnei i te wai me te hāora. Ko ngā rauropi ora (animal, tipu rānei) e whai ana hoki i te hauwai.
Nō reira ko te Biomass tētahi atu pūtake hauwai.

E hiahiatia ana he tāurunga pūngao ki te tango hauwai mai i ēnei rauemi tuatahi pēnei i ngā hāora, ngā pū biomass me te wai.
Tērā pea ka tata kore e taea te whakaputa i te wai, mēnā ka taea te whakaputa i te nui o te utu whakataetae, mai i te pūngao waro iti (karihi me ngā whakahou).
Ko ngā hangarau wai ko te huinga hangarau i akona hei whakaputa hauwai, penapenatia me te tahuri mō ngā take pūngao.

He maha ngā huarahi o nāianei hei whakaputa hauwai, ia tangata whai painga me ōna hē mō te utu, te tōtika pūngao, te pānga taiao :

Ngā hiko wai :
Ko te hiko wai he tukanga e whakamahi ana i te hiko hei whati i te wai (H2O) ki te hauwai (H2) me te hāora (O2). E rua ngā momo hiko hiko : he kiriuhi whakawhiti hiko me te kiriuhi whakawhiti proton (PEM). Ka taea te whakahiko hiko wai mā te hiko mai i ngā pūtake whakahou pēnei i te hiko kōmaru, hau rānei, nā reira he tikanga rata taiao o te whakaputa hauwai.

Whakahōu uaua Methane :
Ko te whakahou mewaro he tukanga matū e whakamahi ana i te mewaro (CH4), i te nuinga o te wā hei whakaputa i te hauwai me te waro taikura (CO2). Ka whakamahia nuitia tēnei tukanga i runga i tētahi tauine nui i roto i te umanga matū hei whakaputa hauwai. Heoi anō, ka tukuna hoki e ia te CO2, kia iti iho ai te tikanga rata taiao o te whakaputa hauwai i whakatauritetia ki te hiko wai.

Biomass gasification :
Ko te korohū Biomass he tukanga e tahuri ana i te take waro hei syngas, ā, ka taea te tahuri hei hauwai. Ka whakamahi tēnei aratuka i te ahuwhenua, i te ngahere, i te ururua taone rānei hei whāngai, nā reira ka taea te whakaputa hauwai mai i ngā pūtake whakahou, pūmau hoki.

Pūira wai :
Ko te pyrolysis wai he tukanga matū e whakamahi ana i te wera hei whati i te wai ki te hauwai me te hāora. Ahakoa ka pai tēnei aratuka mō te tōtika pūngao, me whai pāmahana tiketike me ngā here tauwhāiti, e taea ai te matatini ake te whakatinana.

Pūārai whakaahua kōmaru :
Ko te whakaahua kōmaru he tikanga hanga hauwai e whakamahi ana i ngā pūtau kōmaru hei tahuri i te rā o te rā hei hiko, kātahi ka whakamahia hei whakahiko i te tukanga ā-hiko wai. Ka whakamahi tēnei aratuka i te pūngao kōmaru hei pūtake hiko whakahou, engari ka taea te whakatepe mā te tōtika o ngā pūtau kōmaru me ngā utu pāhono.

Ko te rokiroki wai he wāhi hohe o te rangahau me te whanaketanga nā tōna kaha hei kaikawe pūngao mā, whai tikanga hoki. Anei ētahi o ngā huarahi o nāianei hei penapena hauwai :

kōpeketanga korohū :
Ka taea te penapena i te wai ki roto i te āhua korohū e kōpeketia ana i te pēhanga tiketike i roto i ngā reheke cylindrical. Ka taea te hanga i ngā reheke rokiroki pēhanga tiketike ki ngā rauemi tīra, hiato rānei kia mārama ai ki ngā pēhanga tiketike. Heoi anō, me whiwhi te kōpeke hauwai i ngā pēhanga tiketike i ngā hanganga tauwhāiti, ā, ka pā ki ngā hinganga pūngao.

Tauhohenga :
Ka taea te mātao me te taupoki i te wai ki ngā pāmahana iti rawa (iti iho -253 waeine Whakarau) mō te rokiroki kiato pūngao tiketike. Mā te rokiroki i roto i te puka wai e whakaiti i te rōrahi e nohoia ana e te hauwai, engari me whai taputapu whakamātao utu nui me ngā hinganga pūngao nui i te tukanga tauhohenga.

Wāhanga i runga i ngā rauemi mārō :
Ka taea te pānuitanga i te wai ki ngā rauemi mārō me tētahi hanganga porous, pēnei i ngā waro kua whakahohea, ngā zeolites, ngā konganuku waro porous (MOFs), ngā rauemi hinu waro rānei. He nui te wāhi mata tauwhāiti o ēnei rauemi, ā, ka taea te pānuitanga hauwai i ngā pēhanga waenganui me ngā pāmahana āpiti. Heoi anō, ka taea te whakahoki i te pānuitanga hauwai, engari me whiwhi i ngā pēhanga tiketike mō te whakawāteatanga.

Rokiroki matū :
Ka taea te penapena i te wai ki te āhua o ngā pūhui matū e tuku ana ina pakaru. Hei tauira, ka taea te penapena hauwai ki te āhua o ngā pūhāhā konganuku, ngā pānga waro rānei pēnei i ngā pūhāhā waro. Ka taea te whakaoho i te putanga hauwai mā te whakamātao, te putumōhio, ētahi atu aratuka rānei. Heoi anō, tērā pea he whakaritenga tauwhāiti tā ngā pūnaha rokiroki matū mō te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te whakatupu anō i ngā rauemi.

Rokiroki papamua :
Ka taea te penapena i te wai ki raro i roto i ngā hanganga papawhenua tika pēnei i ngā aquifers rārangi, ngā āhuatanga māori, ngā puna porous rānei. Ka tukuna e te rokiroki papamua tētahi kaha rokiroki nui, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā mōrea haumarutanga me ngā mōrea hanganga. Heoi anō, e hiahiatia ana e tēnei ngā pae papawhenua tika me ngā pūkenga rokiroki haumaru, haumaru hoki.

He whānui ngā taupānga tūpono o te hydrogen i ngā wāhanga maha nā ōna āhuatanga ahurei, tae atu ki tōna āhuatanga ahurei, mā i te wā i hangaia mai i ngā pūtake pūngao whakahou, me tōna kaha ki te whakaiti i te kohu kohu kati kati. Ko ētahi o ngā taupānga tūpono o te hauwai ko :

Ngā nekeneke mā :
Ko ngā waka wai, pēnei i ngā motokā pūtau hinu, ngā pahi, ngā taraka, me ngā tereina, e tuku ana i tētahi whiringa mā ki ngā waka pūkaha paheko ā-roto. Ka hangaia e rātau he hiko mā te paheko hauwai ki te hāora mai i te hau, e hanga ana i te wai me te wera anake hei hua, e whakaiti ana i te kohu o ngā parakino hau me ngā korohū kahu kahu.

Rokiroki pūngao :
Ka taea te whakamahi i te wai hei rokiroki pūngao tauine nui, tae atu ki te penapena i te pūngao i hangaia e ngā pūtake whakahou pēnei i te hiko kōmaru me te hau. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hiko e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa hauwai mā te hiko hiko o te wai, kātahi ka penapenatia hei pūtake hinu, pūngao rānei.

whakanao mahi :
Ka whakamahia whānuitia te wai i roto i te mahi matū mo te whakaputa i te ammonia, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanganga o ngā pūwhenua, tae atu ki te whakanaotanga o ngā matū maha, tae atu ki te methanol, te hauwai hauwai, me te hāora. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei māngai whakaiti i te whakanaotanga o te tīra me ētahi atu konganuku.

Whakaputa hiko :
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pūtau hinu wai hei hanga hiko mā, māia hoki, mō ngā taupānga ā-papa me ngā taupānga pūkoro. Ka whakamahia rātau ki ngā whare arumoni, kāinga hoki hei pūtake hiko pūrua, hei pūtake hiko matua rānei. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei tuku hiko ki ngā mātiti hiko i roto i ngā wā tono taumata.

CTe kai noho whenua me te kai arumoni :
Ka taea te whakamahi i te wai hai hinu mo te whakamātao kāinga me te kai arumoni, e whakakapi ana i te korohū māori, i te hinu hinu rānei. Kai te hangaia nga kōhua wai, ā, ka taea te tuku i tētahi whiringa waro iti mo nga whare whakamātao.

Ngā taupānga mokowā :
I roto i te umanga mokowā, ka whakamahia te hauwai hei hinu hei whakakaha i ngā waka whakarewa mokowā, i roto hoki i ngā wāhanga o runga o te tākirirangi. I te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana te hauwai liquid hei taraiwa nā tōna kiato pūngao tiketike me te paheko mā.